Advertising Modern Day Brainwashing Essay - 3202 Words

Brainwashing and Mind Control are â€Å"best thought of as a series of techniques that are used over time to shape a person’s perception, cognition, emotions, decision making and behavior to such an extent that they have lost their freedom of choice† (Mind Control Today). These techniques, once in existence within authoritarian and totalitarian governments, are increasingly being practiced by advertising companies and mass media. There are extensive similarities among the political and economic standards that cause negative impacts on society, as a result of adopting these mind control tactics. As Malcom X pointed out, â€Å"The media is the most powerful entity on earth, because they control the minds of the masses†. Advertisers and corporations†¦show more content†¦Advertisers and marketing companies are mostly interested in subliminal manipulation because by targeting consumers’ subconscious mind, they can control their involuntary actions, emotions and beliefs. The subconscious part of our mind is able to process around 20,000 pieces of information per second, where as our conscious part can only cope with about forty. This function explains why any subliminal message that our subconscious receives, can be received and responded to by consumers without them ever being aware of it. This form of mind control can be very powerful if used correctly, it could influence consumers to want and buy a product without their control (Winder). The result of mind control can be identified in persons who end up developing different beliefs and values. Once this controlling process grows in multiple different ways for a long period of time, it results in brainwashing. Interestingly enough, according to Steve Hassan, in brainwashing, the manipulator is the hostile enemy, where as in mind control the manipulator is a friend, a helper, and the targeted person is a willing participant in the situation. The goal of the advertiser, as a manipulator, is to destroy the consumer’s old identity and create a new one that holds the beliefs, values, and ideas of the manipulator (Mind Control Today). We are often lessShow MoreRelatedSubliminal Advertising and Modern Day Brainwashing6639 Words   |  27 PagesThe advertising industry, a prominent andpowerful industry, engages in deceptive subliminal advertising which most us are unaware of. By bypassing our unconscious mind using subliminal techniques, advertisers tap into the vulne rabilities surrounding our unconscious mind, manipulating and controlling us in many ways. Since the 1940 s subliminal advertising blossomed until now, when you can find subliminals in every major advertisement and magazine cover. Legislation against the advertisers has hadRead MoreSubliminal Messages Are The Popular Phenomenon Of Mind Control1423 Words   |  6 Pagessupposedly boost concentration or other mental processes had been heard of before. However, there was no idea that these things were subliminal messages, because the assumption was that subliminals were more like hypnosis or direct mind control and brainwashing, not more subtle like these examples. Overall, there was minimal knowledge about the true nature of subliminal messaging when research was started. Scientists have learned a multitude of things about subliminal messages since the idea was firstRead MoreTelevision And Its Impact On Children1309 Words   |  6 Pagespositive. On the less fictional side of the small screen, the 24-hours news cycle began and sensationalized opinions exploded. Faced with a rapid degree of transformation from their own childhoods to the present, people found themselves asking if modern television was having negative repercussions on adults as well. And amidst the ongoing conflict with content, commercials rose and with them ideas that physical products would lead to a higher quality of life. While some concerns might be undeservedRead MoreEssay on The Danger of Subliminal Advertising1438 Words   |  6 PagesIn modern society, advertisements and the media bombard Americans every single day. Television advertisements, movies, radio, and even Spam mail have become a daily part of the lives of many citizens. However, most people do not realize the sini ster methods advertisers and corporations employ with the media in order to obtain a profit. The use of subliminal and negative advertising has increased immensely and shows no plan of stopping anytime soon. This dangerous ploy manipulates the public and causesRead MoreThe Problem Of Advertisement, Celebrity Imaging, And Through Many Other Facets Of One s Daily Life1261 Words   |  6 Pageslooks like. â€Å"A technique which is the mainstay of advertisement companies, of personal photo-editing, and of image manipulation in general bears the overtones of a mannerist praxis carried over from the sixteenth century to the twentieth-first.† Advertising is the primary use to modified images/photoshopped images and is the backbone to this silent epidemic. Advertisement is to blame for the degradation of women. Women’s progression for gender equality is being slowed down by what is being shown onRead MoreEssay on Television665 Words   |  3 Pages The impact that television (A.K.A.- TV) has had on mankind in the last 50 years, is rivaled by few other inventions throughout modern history. Recently television has been given a bad wrap, seen by many people as a cruel invention, a boob-tube; mesmerizing and brainwashing its viewers. People have forgotten TV is an educational and entertaining tool used in the everyday lives of people around the world. Without TV and its many advantages where would the world be at this very moment, certainlyRead MoreBrainwashing Youth : How Advertising Influences Children On Gender Images1496 Words   |  6 Pages Brainwashing Youth: How Advertising Influences Children on Gender Images For advertising companies, the topic of advertising to children is one that is very controversial and could lead to a lot of debate on whether it is even ethical to do so. None the less advertisements continue to be aired and targeted towards a particularly vulnerable group: children. At a young age it is a critical time for children. They are not only developing their mental and physical capabilities, but they are also developingRead MoreEssay on Advertising to Children 1013 Words   |  5 PagesThey see it; they want it. Advertising to children is turning a want into a responsive nag to a parent, like a reflex. Every media outlet advertises, and companies like popular fast food restaurants target children. In the process of fattening the children, will their reflexes get slower? At some point in every kid’s life, they see an advertisement for a food or toy they want. This want leads to nagging of the parent until they give in. Although it is highly effective and profi table, fast foodRead MoreHow Characteristics Of Culture Maintain Capitalist Society1664 Words   |  7 Pagesmass deception, as the backbone of my analysis. This will be accomplished by assessing aspects of society such as: monopoly capitalism, the entertainment industry and relevance to modern day society. This paper argues that capitalism transformed culture into an ideological means of domination, and acts as brainwashing tool over the masses. Capitalism in The Concise Encyclopedia of Sociology is defined as: â€Å"the system that provides for needs and wants, animated by a particular ethos, coordinatedRead More Advertising and Its Impact on Children Essays1552 Words   |  7 Pages Advertising has had a powerful impact on today’s children. From songs, to logos, to characters, advertisers keep in mind their audiences. Competition is the force which causes advertisers to target children. Children are targeted through the catch phrases, animated characters, and toys in these competitive advertisements. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The textbook used in class (Huffman, 2002) describes that â€Å"advertising has numerous† methods to hook the individual into â€Å"buying their products

Pro Gay Marriage Free Essays

The controversy over gay marriage has become highly publicized. However, this issue is not a new debate. Society has voiced its opinions on the subject for many years. We will write a custom essay sample on Pro Gay Marriage or any similar topic only for you Order Now Everyone knows that people are able to choose, according to their body and instinct, their sexuality; most of the time, tabulated statistics state that in nine out of ten times option chosen is heterosexual. On the other hand, the other ten percent belongs to the homosexual population, which has been suffering all kinds of persecution and marginalization throughout history, forcing them to live in hiding, with permanent fear, and in scandal. If there were no such people, we would be unfairly deprived of the works of a lot of painters, sculptors, writers, filmmakers, and many more. Works that we admire today and were created from their homosexual point of view. A few years ago in Europe, some governments, like the Netherlands, Belgium, and Spain, that are countries of western thought and Christian tradition, have dared to legalize marriage between same sex persons, giving them all the rights and obligations of heterosexual couples, even including adoption. Obama has not made a firm promise on either side of this issue, but he has recently indicated that he will do his part to push for equal rights regarding the gay population. These steps are acts of justice that recognize the right of citizens to choose their sexual orientation by themselves without feeling discriminated or diminished, and they give homosexual couples the same right to form a family and offspring that marriage concedes to heterosexual couples. Unfortunately these steps are not enough; there are still a lot of people contrary to the marriage between people of same sex. The arguments against the right of gay couples to marry can be beaten when they are examined closely. One of the most used has been that there is a deathblow to the family as an institution. Why? How? Cannot heterosexual couples continue to marry and have children if they want to. Does anyone, because of the establishment of this right, force someone to marry or not marry differently from the traditional? Of course not. On the other hand, by allowing gay couples to marry and adopt children, this will inject new vitality to an institution, the family, that – someone did not otice yet? – suffered from a long time in a deep crisis in western society. Counting the number of divorces, which grows each year, there are voices who predict a hopeless obsolescence. The paradox is that probably only through homosexuals, who as all persecuted minorities want to get out of the ghetto in which society has confined them, the family can reestablished the illusion and the respect that i n a very large number of heterosexuals, particularly young people, seems to have been lost. So there is no irony in me saying that I think that it is very possible that in twenty or thirty years statistics will discover more stable families among gay marriage. Identical prejudgment says that children adopted by gay couples will suffer anomalous behavior because a child to be â€Å"normal† needs to have a father and a mother, not two fathers or two mothers. This dogmatic assertion does not have any psychological support. Children needs love, either from two fathers, two mothers or both of them. There are also some people who have a stubborn blindness and have not learned that a lot of cases of violence and sexual abuse have been discovered in heterosexual couples. Those parents, either heterosexual or homosexual, are unique, and regarding the education of their children may be admirable, tyrannical, loving or cruel. It is clear that those people have fought so hard to be able to adopt children, fortunately now in some parts of Europe they can do, are raising children with enthusiasm and taking on the responsibility of their role. There is no reason behind all these arguments. There is an inveterate prejudice, an instinctive revulsion toward those who practice love in a way that centuries of ignorance, stupidity, and obscurantism have demonized by calling it abnormal. It is important to be said that a recent statistic in the United States revealed that 33% of young people who commit suicide are gay, and half of them were rejected by their parents. Tell me what then is the reason for adolescent boys and girls who will be committing suicide right now because they are attracted to someone of the same sex? Maybe because society has failed to accept them, and one of the key points for acceptance can be if their union in marriage is considered legal. Actually, science, biology, anthropology, psychology, and history have put ideas in place long ago and have established that talk of abnormality of sexual vocation in human beings is risky and alienating; unfortunately, the church has never been aligned with these assertions. The fact is that the gay population has been wondering through the years why they cannot marry as heterosexuals. The church has tried to explain for many years that marriage has to be between men and women under God’s eyes. This position is understandable especially from the Catholic standpoint. The other thing the church gives importance to along with marriage is procreation. So far, there is no need to do a fertility analysis on heterosexual couples who wish to marry. This is another point at which we realize that the church is not acting fairly. They expect us to believe that procreation is more important besides love in marriage, but really they do not care too much, because they do not punish the infertile heterosexuals. Homosexual population cannot accept that they are deprived of a fundamental right such as marriage. It should have to be a possibility that the church accepts to change the rules and includes in their definition of marriage that can be either same or different sex. There is a lot of the homosexual population keeping their faith and they would like to marry in a church. Others, instead, have chosen to stay away from the church because the ongoing ridicule they are actually suffering from the church. There has to be a point where we can put both parties together. The way to do it will be difficult, but not impossible. We have already seen that the church will never consider marriage between same sex people, but let me invite them to a little reflection. It would be that the purpose of marriage is the union of a man and a woman in front of God’s eyes, based on love that they profess. If they could think about people regardless their gender, gay marriage would fall into this category. That is what we have to make them recognize. We love each other regardless of sexual option. It is the same love. Love between two people who want to share their lives Everyone knows that in the beginning of the twenty first century no one follows some of the church recommendations. There are very few believers who have endured celibacy until marriage; this is one of the proofs with which we realize that the church needs a renovation to make them adapt to contemporary times. It would be fair to reflect and could accommodate a definition of marriage to speak of only the union between two people regardless of gender. The governments of as many countries as possible should urge their language academies to update the term and recommend the church does not put any barrier and even marry homosexual believers if they want to. Given that society has advanced so much, and some minorities are fortunately vanishing because rights are slowly recognizing. We have the opportunity to change the course of history and ensure that our generation be remembered for changes that really changed things for the better live in the beginning of twenty first century. Therefore, it may be fair to say that the definition of marriage should be changed in order to give homosexual couples the same rights and obligations as heterosexual couples. We are all individuals, and we have the same rights and nobody because of his or her sexual choice should be excluded. People cannot turn a deaf ear to all these cases of boys and girls who are committing suicide, and an extraordinary step forward to normalize the situation would be by treating gay marriage as normal. Also a lesbian bride should have the same right looking forward to her wedding day, and have an engagement ring or even have and raise babies. It would be an important step towards a fundamental equalizing right of human beings, to be equal and to be able to live in a climate of respect, harmony, and fairness. How to cite Pro Gay Marriage, Papers

Industry Trends & Applications Reverse Logistics

Question: Describe about the Industry Trends Applications for Reverse Logistics. Answer: 1. Improving Reverse Logistics Management Basically, Reverse Logistics can be defined as the backward flow in the process of supply chain which products/services/materials travel for the consumer back the manufacture or producer or supplier by original and same supply chain. Moreover, it is also important to known that, reverse logistics is also includes different key components such as: Repair, Product recalls, Warranty recovery, dissatisfaction of customers, unwanted products etc. (Jiang, 2011). In addition to this, in the current time, it is more important and essential for the companies or producers to bring innovation, improvements and improve efficiencies within supply chain. And this is only done by enhancing Reverse Logistics system. It is because today due to increased price of fuel, high cost of transportation and innovative technology had forced the companies to improve Reverse Logistics Management and find most effective efficiencies within their supply chain process. So, business firms are trying to use innovati ve, dynamic and best practices strategies to improve reverse logistics management. For example, a return management strategies are used by the producers to enhance reserve logistics management (Nikolaidis, 2012). According to this strategy, shippers or producers develops plans by recognize pain points in the reverse loop that offer customer with multi-channel visibility. For case, this strategy would allow the companies to enhance business velocity, improve market share, and improvements in the customer service through higher retention. In addition to this, producers or companies are also focusing on building trained and skilled cross-functional teams that assists them to improve reverse logistics through the full satisfaction of customers (Dyckhoff, Lackes Reese, 2013). Furthermore, it is also found that, it is also essential for the companies to review and monitor broken links within the customer service programs in order to improve current reverse logistics systems. On the other hand, companies should also recycled materials in their production process to improve long term profitability and reverse logistics systems. Moreover, producers or manufacturing companies must also update and upgrade their logistics technology through the development and use of innovative and advance technologies. This would help the company in improving the reverse logistics in the form of Transparency, Synchronized supply chain, Responsiveness, Automatic consolidation of data etc. Along with this, the firms must also focus on creating and building clear Reverse Logistics Physical for the effective flow of information. For case, the originations can create measurement systems for the continuous improvements (Yang Ma, 2013). Overall, it can be said that, by improving the reverse logistics system, a company would be able to maximize the profit, and sale. 2. Outsourcing Strategy In the current time of globalization and competitive business environment, outsourcing is one of the major fundamental and critical strategic decision that helps todays business firms or companies to create leverage the core competencies to needed to compete in the international business environment. Moreover, outsourcing is also helps the companies in gaining the competitive advantages, reducing the costs and increasing the market share in the global market environment. Basically, outsourcing can be defined as a business strategy that considers contracting of a business process, or operational, non-operational and core functions to another company (Vagadia, 2011). In addition to this, it is also found that, todays different types of outsourcing strategies/methods are used by the companies in order to grow compete in the competitive business era. For case, Nearshoring, Reshoring, Offshore Outsourcing, Project Outsourcing, Process-Specific Outsourcing, Manufacturer Outsourcing, IT O utsourcing Multisourcing, Professional Outsourcing etc are the major types of outsourcing methods that employed by the business firms or MNCs. Currently, I am working in Apple Inc, New Zeeland that is American multinational technology company that produce, design, develops and provides a wide range of products including consumer electronics, computer software, and online services in the market. Basically, the Apple Inc, New Zeeland is using IT outsourcing strategy by which it enter into an Outsourcing relationship with other IT service provider company. Moreover, the IT outsourcing strategy used by the Apple Inc is a kinds of professional outsourcing. According to this strategy, the company develops and create sub contract with the outsider organizations and conducts their functions related to software development, maintenance and support (Schniederjans, Schniederjans Schniederjans, 2015). On the other hand, as per this strategy, Apple Inc is outsources its IT management sources in order to save millions of dollars. For example, it is found that, recently, Apple Inc is heavily focused on using Outsourcing flexible outsourced manufacturing strategy. For instance, more than 500,000 employees/people are recruited by both Apple Inc and its manufacturing partners of China in order to build iPhones, iPads etc. Along with this, it is also accessed that, a multi-sourcing strategy is used in the China by the company by which the company outsource its production line in China not only to produce products at the cheaper cost but also produce faster and quick products at the large scale (Parlour, 2016). For instance, Foxconn as well as Pegatron are the two major companies of China and business partner of Apple Inc which the company outsources their products. 3. Detailed Description of Model for Value-Chain Analysis, Planning and Control A Value-Chain Analysis can be defined as a business model that used by the business firms for the purpose to planning and controlling of internal activities/practices of firm to improve competitive advantages. Moreover, this model is also assume a fundamental role in analyzing and accessing of support as well as primary activities of an organization internally and adds strategic value in the final products directly. In addition to this, Value-Chain Analysis model suggests and provides strategic guidance to the business firms about how to overcome various costs by improving product differentiation (Kannegiesser, 2008). Along with this, by using this model, business firms are able to analyze and engage with their internal business activities within the supply chain process for the purpose to change input in the output. Additionally, through this model business firms can effectively and systematically access and improve their internal activities in order to fulfil the needs of their fin al consumers. The following are the major activities as per this model. Primary Activities: These kinds of practices are connected with the protection, physical formation, selling, and support of goods/services. The following are the major sub activities under this Inbound logistics: These are directly or indirectly associated with the receiving, distributing inputs, storing distributing inputs. Operations: These are known as exchange practices which input is exchanged into the output. In the same way, a new product is developed and created for the final consumers (Kleme, 2013). Outbound logistics: These are related to the distribution of product/goods/services. For case, it indicates how the company should or can distribute their products or services. Marketing sales: The activities encourage and motivate the buyer for the product/goods Service: These are relating to sustaining the value of the products/services. Support Activities: These supportive activities play a key role in supporting of primary practices of the supply chain process. Procurement: These activities are connected with the attainment of inputs resources properly by the company. Human resource management: These activities include recruiting, hiring, training, development, etc. of staff (Engle, Quagrainie Dey, 2016). Technological development: This involves activities in the context of automation, development of product, research, Infrastructure: This involves finance, quality management, administrative and legal activities. Hence, in this different kinds of activities are considered in order to fulfil long term organizational objectives and goals. 4. Advantages and Disadvantages of New Zealands Free Trade Agreement with China in Terms of Global Supply Chain Security In the year 2008, New Zeeland created and developed a free trade agreement with the China in order to gain mutually advantages in the context of investment, trade of goods/services. This free trade agreement helped the New Zeeland in developing strong business relationships and commercial profile in China (Lester, Mercurio Bartels, 2016). After entered into this contract with the China, New Zeeland had increased its trade and counted doubled that indicates that it had improved their economic level. On the other hand, it is also important to know that, there are a lot of advantages as well as disadvantages of this free trade agreement in term of global supply chain security. For example, this agreement among these two nations provided better market access directly. Moreover, it also helped in improving the security of investment. For case, in term of global supply chain security, the New Zealand protected the interests as well as welfare by securing Nations economic prosperity (Mukh opadhyay Thomassin, 2009). Moreover, this free trade agreement is also helped in promoting of secure and efficient movements of goods and services that is major biggest benefit of this free trade agreement in form of global supply chain security. At the same time, this agreement is also played a major role in promoting and encouraging the efficient, timely and secure flow of legitimate commerce by protecting the supply chain from exploitation, and reducing its vulnerability to disruption. This also enhanced the integrity of goods. Along with this, it also allowed the New Zeeland to protect the business or commercial activities trade from the different significant threats including theft, terrorism, piracy etc. On the other hand, it also helped in validating supplier credentials, screening cargo and securing cargo transit. At the same time, it is also accessed that, the main disadvantages of the free trade agreement among the nation are related to PIRACY, SMUGGLING OF GOODS, TERRORISM, SHRINKAGE AND THEFT etc (Buckley, Lo Boulle, 2008). Moreover, this agreement is also reduce the level of profitability and productivity of the local suppliers directly or indirectly. Moreover, it is more difficult and complicated for the local suppliers or business firms to follow all the stick rules, regulations and standards and law associated with the free trade agreements. 5 Strengthen Companys Competition by Applying Green Supply Chain Strategy Today, almost business firms or companies are focusing on using green supply chain strategies in order to compete in the market, improve strategic position against competitors, gain competitive advantages, improve organizational image and enhance market share. Simply, it can be said that, green strategies and tactics are employed by the firms within their supply chain process, inventory and logistics management to strengthen companys competition. For example, currently, I am working in Coca-Cola Amatil (CCA) New Zeeland that is one of the largest and leading beverage companies that provides non-alcoholic ready-to-drink beverages in different nations including New Zealand, Indonesia, and Australia etc (Millar, 2015). Moreover, in the current time, the company is using different types of green strategies within their supply chain management systems in order to improve organizational competition in the market. For example, the company use green and pollution free technology in order to supply their products. Moreover, it is accessed that, there is a strong link exits among the green supply chain practices of the company and competitive advantages. For instance, CCA is adding the green within their supply chain practices in order to integrate environmentally aware thoughts within all the supply chain process. It means green supply chain practices are incorporated by the company within their process including green manufacturing, green purchasing of raw material and others things, green distribution of products, reverse logistics, green marketing etc (Gonzlez-Prida, Vicente, 2015). For example, it is also analyzed that, CCA is mainly focus on reduction of waste in their all the stages of production process and considers cradle-to-grave product management within their systems and process associated with the supply chain management that helped the company in gaining the competitive advantages and developing a unique image in the eyes of internal and external stakeholders. Along with this, the company is also investing millions of dollars in the implementation, and using of new and unique green technologies in order to upgrade their inventory management systems, reduce holding cost, determine the demand effectively. For case the use of new and efficient green technologies provided real-time data to the company for streamlining warehousing and logistics costs. In the same way, with the effective use of green strategies, the company is improving their competitive position in the market and improving organizational performance and gaining competitive advantages (Scott, Lundgren Thompson, 2011). Overall it can be said that green strategies or environmentally conscious practices helped the company to increase revenue, value, trust, brand reputation, competitiveness, and financial payoffs. References Buckley, R.P., Lo, V. I., Boulle, L. (2008). Challenges to Multilateral Trade: The Impact of Bilateral, Preferential and Regional Agreements. USA: Kluwer Law International. Dyckhoff, H., Lackes, R., Reese, J. (2013). Supply Chain Management and Reverse Logistics. USA: Springer Science Business Media. Engle, C.R., Quagrainie, K.K., Dey, M.M. (2016). Seafood and Aquaculture Marketing Handbook. USA: John Wiley Sons. Gonzlez-Prida, Vicente (2015). Promoting Sustainable Practices through Energy Engineering and Asset Management. Australia: IGI Global. Jiang, L. (2011). Proceedings of the 2011 International Conference on Informatics, Cybernetics, and Computer Engineering (ICCE2011) November 19-20, 2011, Melbourne, Australia: Volume 1: Intelligent Control and Network Communication. USA: Springer Science Business Media. Kannegiesser, M. (2008). Value Chain Management in the Chemical Industry: Global Value Chain Planning of Commodities. USA: Springer Science Business Media. Kleme, J.J. (2013). Handbook of Process Integration (PI): Minimisation of Energy and Water Use, Waste and Emissions. USA: Elsevier. Lester, S., Mercurio, B., Bartels, L. (2016). Bilateral and Regional Trade Agreements, Volume 2. USA: Cambridge University Press. Millar, M. (2015). Global Supply Chain Ecosystems: Strategies for Competitive Advantage in a Complex, Connected World. USA: Kogan Page Publishers. Mukhopadhyay, K., Thomassin, P.J. (2009). Economic and Environmental Impact of Free Trade in East and South East Asia. USA: Springer Science Business Media. Nikolaidis, Y. (2012). Quality Management in Reverse Logistics: A Broad Look on Quality Issues and Their Interaction with Closed-Loop Supply Chains. USA: Springer Science Business Media. Parlour, D. (2016). Successful Outsourcing and Multi-Sourcing. NY: Routledge. Schniederjans, M.J., Schniederjans, A.M., Schniederjans, D.G. (2015). Outsourcing and Insourcing in an International Context. NY: Routledge. Vagadia, B. (2011). Strategic Outsourcing: The Alchemy to Business Transformation in a Globally Converged World. USA: Springer Science Business Media. Yang, Y., Ma, M. (2013). Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering. USA: Springer Science Business Media. Scott, C., Lundgren, H., Thompson, P. (2011). Guide to Supply Chain Management. USA: Springer Science Business Media.

Parenting Module six free essay sample

What is a family? What is family composition? A family is a bunch of people that are either related, live together, or affectionate towards each other. Family composition is about the people in the family, having to do with their ages, number of people, and relationships towards each other. 2. What is cultural bias? What is an example of this? Cultural bias is what you have when you are judging someone else’s culture because of the standards of your own. For example, saying that certain religious groups and their forms of conduct are weird because they are different from our own. What are stereotypes? How are they different from prejudice? Stereotypes are quick to the point assumptions about someone mainly because of what they look like. They are different from prejudice because prejudices are assumptions that are made before getting to actually know someone. 4. What is the difference between a nuclear family and an extended family? A nuclear family is a traditional family. We will write a custom essay sample on Parenting Module six or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page An extended family is a family of multiple generations whom all live together. Critical Thinking Questions 1. How can families assimilate to a new culture? Families can assimilate to a new culture by starting to accept the other culture’s ideas and beliefs. 2. What are some of the problems with stereotypes or cultural bias when looking at families? Some of the problems with this are that you are basically judging people that you don’t actually know. You are making up ideas about them based on how they look, and this means that you could be missing out on getting to know some wonderful people. 3. Adversity affects today’s family, just as Black Death affected families from earlier times. What kinds of adverse challenges do today’s families face and how can they manage the situations? Families today face a number of adversities. For example, they may have very little money. They now have to work more to provide for the entire family. 4. Why are families diverse in composition? How are family lifestyles of today different than the past? Families are more diverse in composition now because there aren’t as many nuclear or traditional families. There are so many different living arrangements nowadays which can include many people from many backgrounds living together.

Monitoring in the Workplace essays

Monitoring in the Workplace essays Monitoring in the Workplace: The Right to Employee Privacy Fourteen million employees just over one-third of the online workforce in the United States have their Internet or e-mail use under continuous surveillance at work. Worldwide, the number of employees under such surveillance is at 27 million, just over one-quarter of the global online workforce. In fact, an average of $140 million a year is spent on surveillance equipment for an employee, thats an average $5.25 per employee. The increased use of and access to employee monitoring suggests that in the near future legislation will be needed to protect employee privacy rights. But what exactly is monitoring in the workplace? Monitoring in the workplace refers to the continuous surveillance of employees while on the job. Employers may monitor any aspect of the employees day to day work activities by using surveillance cameras, screening telephone calls, tracking websites visited while on the Internet, screening of e-mails, and monitoring the number of keystrokes on an employees keyboard. Other obscure but highly used methods of monitoring include requiring employees to take drug tests and psychological tests. But why do companies monitor their employees? Several reasons are to make sure that employees are doing their jobs, to make sure that they are not stealing from the company, and to ensure that employees are not misusing company property such as the Internet or telephone. It is estimated that employers eavesdrop on 400 million telephone calls every year. Also, it has been found that 78% of workers log on to the Internet for non-work purposes according to a study done in June 2001 by NetRatings. In addition, it was found that every one out of those ten visited adult websites while on the Net. In rare instances, companies monitor to ensure that employees are not working for competitors. Last year, the number of respondents who reported receiving ...

The Television System of Paul Nipkow

The Television System of Paul Nipkow German engineering student, Paul Nipkow proposed and patented the worlds first mechanical television system in 1884. Paul Nipkow devised the notion of dissecting the image and transmitting it sequentially. To do this he designed the first television scanning device. Paul Nipkow was the first person to discover televisions scanning principle, in which the light intensities of small portions of an image are successively analyzed and transmitted. In 1873, the photoconductive  properties of the element selenium were discovered, the fact that seleniums electrical conduction varied with the amount of illumination it received. Paul Nipkow created a rotating scanning disk camera called the Nipkow disk, a device for picture analyzation that consisted of a rapidly rotating disk placed between a scene and a light sensitive selenium element. The image had only 18 lines of resolution. Nipkow Disk According to R. J. Reiman author of Who Invented Television: The Nipkow disk was a rotating disk with holes arranged in a spiral around its edge. Light passing through the holes as the disk rotated produced a rectangular scanning pattern or raster which could be used to either generate an electrical signal from the scene for transmitting or to produce an image from the signal at the receiver. As the disk rotated, the image was scanned by the perforations in the disk, and light from different portions of it passed to a selenium photocell. The number of scanned lines was equal to the number of perforations and each rotation of the disk produced a television frame. In the receiver, the brightness of the light source would be varied by the signal voltage. Again, the light passed through a synchronously rotating perforated disk and formed a raster on the projection screen. Mechanical viewers had the serious limitation of resolution and brightness. No one is sure if Paul Nipkow actually built a working prototype of his television system. It would take the development of the amplification tube in 1907 before the Nipkow Disk could become practical. All mechanical television systems were outmoded in 1934 by electronic television systems.

Adding some requirements on the project one page only Essay

Adding some requirements on the project one page only - Essay Example This way, it would look like a new product in the market. To add to this, the company could also consider advertising their new image and mentioning the changes they have made and why they are better than before. 3. The company should also invest in latest technology in developing and operating fields so as to consider concerns in healthcare, environmental and safety issues of the Country. This way, the company would practice environmental friendly ways of going about their business. When consumers see this, they may appreciate the company more. This way, the sales of their product would increase as the company would become popular with the consumers. 1. Encouraging investors would be a suitable action plan as they would help the company in their businesses such as the company’s plan for globalization. Investors would also help the company buy modern technologies as they would provide income that could be used for

Joseph H Pilates Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Joseph H Pilates - Essay Example By the age of 14 he was the penultimate model, and had even begun modeling for anatomy charts. Eventually through the culmination of his own childhood and experiences, an idea began to grow in his mind. He eventually decided that everyone's modern lifestyle, bad posture, and inefficient breathing were the roots of poor health, and he would find a way to combat that effectively. He then began work on what would become known as the Pilates Method. He created a series of various exercises that would help combat these evils. Ultimately "his answer to these problems was to design a unique series of vigorous physical exercises that help to correct muscular imbalances and improve posture, coordination, balance, strength, and flexibility, as well as to increase breathing capacity and organ function. He also invented a variety of machines, based on spring-resistance, which could be used to perform these exercises"( http://www.jillianhessel.com/pilates_biography.html). He would eventually include these spring Machines into ideas such as the Cadillac and the Universal reformer. Now all that lacked was a name for his new theory of mind, which Pilates would later call contrology. The first people to embrace his methods of Body Contrlogy were dancing students.

The ghost of Christmas Essay Example for Free

The ghost of Christmas Essay Scrooge! A squeezing, wrenching, grasping, scraping, clutching covetous old sinner! Hard and sharp as a flint , from which no steel had ever struck out generous fire ; secret and self contained , and solitary as an oyster Charles Dickens coveys his moral message in a christmas carol by raising awareness of the poor and peoples perceptions of the poor in the Victorian times. Most of his literary works concerned the poor and how they lived. Another of his famous novels was Oliver Twist about an orphaned boy. He wrote about this issue because he had experienced abject poverty himself. When he was only nine, his father, mother, and his seven brothers and sisters were sent to debtors prison. This left Dickens out in the cold as a child labourer. After his family were released, Charles Dickens was fortunate enough to go back into education and became a law clerk. He then wrote these novels to describe the desperate poverty in society and raise peoples awareness. Throughout his life, Charles Dickens was a philanthropist, doing many good deeds for his community. He was going to bring the poverty issue to the attention of his readers by producing a campaign leaflet but then realised that more people could relate to a story and more people would read what he has to say. A christmas carol is an allegory. He is saying that people, who live a greedy senseless life, will suffer themselves in the future. If we live our life doing good deeds and generally getting into the spirit of seasons then we will be rewarded in life and the after life. The main character in a christmas carol is Scrooge. At the start of the story, he is described as a covetous old sinner and his famous words bah, humbug! describes his opinion of Christmas. In his school days, he was very serious and was more interested in his education than Christmas. Later in his life he had a fianci e and he used to enjoy the festivities. Money then took over his life and he has rejected everyone ever since and because of this, even though he is financially richer, his life is much poorer. Scrooge, throughout the story, is visited by three ghosts. One of the christmas past , one of the christmas present and one of the christmas yet to come. The ghost of the Christmas past represents his memory and makes Scrooge reminisce about his life as a child and what Christmas was like for him then. The school is not quite deserted, a solitary child, neglected by his friends, is left there still This child, of course is Scrooge. He cared more about his education than Christmas. His friends, if he had any, had left him to look a sad sight on his own. This image made Scrooge think about what he had missed out on in his childhood. He had rejected the opportunity for fun or any friends and he felt bad about it. Even having thinking this through, he still needed more evidence for him to change his frame of mind. The next ghost to visit the misguided Scrooge was the ghost of the Christmas present. This ghost represented charity and showed Scrooge how giving to other people can be a fun part of Christmas. He took Scrooge to various parties which included his old employers party, Fezziwig, his nephews party, Fred , and the Christmas dinner of Bob Cratchit and his family, who, in the sense of that time, were very poor because of the ridiculous wages given by Scrooge in his office. At his nephews party, they were playing a game of yes and no where they ridiculed Scrooge; the brisk fire of questioning to which Fred was exposed, elicited from him that he was thinking of and animal, a live animal, rather a disagreeable animal, a savage animal, an animal that growled and grunted sometimes and talked sometimes.. What is it? Cried Fred. Its your Uncle Scrooge!!!!! This made Scrooge feel very upset inside that his nephew thought of him this way. At Bob Cratchits house, Bob proposed a toast to Scrooge and his wife was very reluctant to do it. He also saw Tiny Tim, Bob Cratchits son, who was very ill and as the family was so poor, they could not afford to help him. This also made Scrooge hurt inside and for the first time, Scrooge decided to change his ways. The ghost of Christmas present shows Scrooge how to celebrate Christmas , but he still needed a small amount of help, and thats where the ghost of Christmas yet to come came in. The ghost of Christmas future was in the shape of the grim reaper and the ghost that Scrooge feared the most. He represents death and Scrooges fear of it. He shows Scrooge what impact his death has on the community. They are celebrating. This scares Scrooge as he didnt realise how much people hated him. Spirit, he said, this is a fearful place. In leaving it, I shall not leave its lesson trust me, let us go! Undoubtedly, the turning point for Scrooge though, was when he saw the empty chair and crutch that was once Tiny Tims. The Cratchits could not afford to help him so they were mourning him. This brought tears to Scrooges eyes. He knew that he could do something to help. What of Tiny Tim? The ghost doesnt reply.

Prostitution - Thailand/Canada Essay -- social issues

Prostitution - Thailand/Canada Introduction Prostitution exists in almost all cultures and civilizations of the world today. Just as the cultures differ richly from one another, prostitution and prostitution policy vary greatly throughout the globe. Although the act of prostitution itself is widely similar all over, the policies that are affecting the sex trade are the most influential in shaping the unique and individual sex industries of different countries. This paper takes a look at two very different countries with very different cultural value systems within them. Not surprisingly their perspectives on prostitution differ significantly as well. These two nations are Canada and Thailand; classic examples of Western culture and Eastern culture. We have found no study that suggests that prostitution is more prevalent in either culture, but in general prostitution carries less of a social stigma in Eastern Nations, especially Thailand, than it does in the Western Nations. To begin with we shall examine the specific prostitution legislation within each country, but as we shall soon see the difference between legislation and practice is remarkable. Although prostitution has existed for thousands of years, laws controlling the nature of the sex trade are only a few hundred years old. An epidemic of sexually transmitted disease in 16th century Europe, led to the first serious efforts to control prostitution, as public health considerations demanded further regulatory legislation. Morality and cultural ethics have also played a huge role in determining the position of prostitutes in society. When analyzing the difference between the Canadian sex trade and the Thai sex trade, it is extremely important to keep in mind how Judeo-Christian ethics form the foundation of the Canadian policy. Prostitution laws in Canada Throughout Canada’s history, prostitution has been legal. However, a visitor or even a citizen may never be aware of this fact. This is due to the impeding laws stated in the Canadian criminal code. Canada has a very clear position on prostitution in theory. Part VII of the Canadian criminal code; Laws pertaining to prostitution, state that â€Å"bawdy houses† are illegal (Criminal Code sections 210 and 211), procuring and living on the avails of prostitution of another person are also prohibited (section 212). Procuring and living on the... ...ior is widely accepted in the tourist districts of Thailand, and these girls who service the farangs are part of an established subculture. What does the future hold for Canada and Thailand? Although Canada has recently been increasing criminilization policies, the effects of these policies are just now being looked at. In 1995 many provinces worked together to form the Federal-Provincial-Territorial Working Group on prostitution. The Working Group has been since trying to reform prostitution laws throughout Canada. Referring once again to that Judeo-Christian ethic, the biggest problem in handling prostitution for Western countries is that nobody wants to enact any law that seemingly condones prostitution. The growing opinion is however that the problems of prostitution are not problems of social morality, but problems of social order, and accepting prostitution is the quickest way to control it. As far as Thailand goes, they may not have the technology or industry of the Western nations, but they are advanced enough to have already realized that sex for sale is not a threat. It seems as if the state of affairs will continue in Thailand, as they are now, for quite some time.

Call If You Need Me Analysis

Call if you need me 1. Analyse the point of view. The point of view is based on the narrator written in a first person view talking the in the past. 2. Analyse the setting. The main characters in the story are Nancy and the narrator, Dan. The story takes place in Eureka in California. When the story takes place is unknown, but in the story it is common to have a car, so I am guessing that the story takes place somewhere in the present. 3. Give a character description of Dan and Nancy. Nancy is tall, long-legged brown woman with brown hair and eyes. She wants the relationship between Dan and her work, but somehow something keeps interfering.She is stuck in the past with the bad memories of Dan. There is no physical description of Dan, but he is also trying to make their relationship work. He is much more optimistic than Nancy. 4. Analyse the plot. The situation in this story begins with that their marriage is in trouble, so they are sending their son to work at a farm, while they try to work on their marriage. As they try to spend time together only focusing on themselves, they seem to be surrounded by good luck. But it leads to a disaster when Nancy starts crying while she is remembering the past.Dan tries to comfort her and telling that they will make it, but she is avoiding every opportunity. Then Dan sees some white horses in their yard and suddenly the Nancy’s mood started changing. She starts to see the light instead of being surrounded by darkness. As a result they got a fresh new start and he drives her to the airport, where she will go back home and she will be writing to Dan. In the when Dan comes back to the house and he immediately starts calling Susan, his ex-lover. 5. â€Å"I’ve missed you so much you’ve gotten lost somehow, I can’t explain it. I’ve lost you.You’re not mine any longer’’ Try to explain what Nancy means. Nancy has lost connection with Dan since their romance started to fade awa y. Perhaps she feels that she has lost to Susan. She envies Susan for taking Dan away from her. Now she is realizing it when she has a special moment with Dan. 6. A lot of things in the story are prophetic to the characters. Give examples. The story mentions the hummingbirds. Dan says that it is a good sign, he is not sure where he has heard it, but he is sure of it. Also a fisherman is wishing them good luck. 7. What does the white horses symbolize? Support your answer by quotes from the texts.I think that the white horses represent hope, faith and a fresh new start for their relationship. The color white purity, light, hope and a successful beginning. ‘’I don’t think they’ll bite,’’ ‘’They don’t look like the kind of horses that’ll bite†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ It can be a symbol of hope for their marriage that there still is hope for them. 8. Why does Nancy feel elevated by the presence of horses? It can be because she is an animal lover or that she is living the moment, where nothing shall interfere her moment. She will not let Dan call the sheriff while she is living the moment patting the white horses. 9.In the ending we hear of a plane, hoof prints and a telephone. What do these things represent? The plane can represent the path Nancy is choosing and the hoof prints are traces of her, meanwhile the phone is the path Dan chooses. We do not know what happens after he called Susan. Perhaps he is going to call her and tell her that he is going to stay with Nancy or perhaps he will take the other path and go back to Susan. The telephone represents what path Dan is going to take. 10. The themes of the story might well be: Love and married life; infidelity; having to live up to ideals; being able to live in the moment.Choose the theme you find the most interesting, and show how the theme is expressed in the story. I think that the most interesting theme in this story is ‘’being able to live in the moment’’. You can clearly see that atmosphere is changing into romance in the story, when something good is happening, example: the white horses and when Nancy says ‘’I’m glad we’re here. ’’ I think that living in the moment is the most suitable theme in this story, because it makes them think a second time before getting a divorce, if they really want to stop seeing each other.

Hartwell Genetics Ch. 13 Study Guide

Chapter 13—Chromosomal Rearrangements and Changes in Chromosome Number Reshape Eukaryote Genomes Fill in the Blank |1. |Events that reshape genomes by reorganizing the DNA sequences within one or more chromosomes are known as ____________________. | |Ans: |rearrangements | | |Difficulty:  Ã‚  2 | |2. |____________________, duplications, inversions, translocations, and movements of transposable elements are all types of | | |rearrangements of chromosomal material. |Ans: |Deletions | | |Difficulty:  Ã‚  2 | |3. |Very large deletions are visible at the relatively low resolution of a __________________, showing up as the loss of one or more| | |bands from a chromosome. | |Ans: |karyotype | | |Difficulty:  Ã‚  2 | |4. |Changes in gene ____________________, the number of times a given gene is present in the cell nucleus, can create a genetic | | |imbalance. |Ans: |dosage | | |Difficulty:  Ã‚  3 | |5. |An unpaired bulge of one member of a homologous pair of chromosomes durin g prophase of meiosis I is known as a | | |____________________. | |Ans: |deletion loop | | |Difficulty:  Ã‚  3 | 6. |A recessive mutation in the mouse that prevents homozygous animals from walking in a straight line is known as the | | |____________________ gene. | |Ans: |shaker-1 | | |Difficulty:  Ã‚  3 | |7. |When repeats of a region lie adjacent to each other they are called ____________________ duplications. |Ans: |tandem | | |Difficulty:  Ã‚  2 | |8. |Inversions that include the centromere are termed ____________________. | |Ans: |pericentric | | |Difficulty:  Ã‚  2 | 9. |Inversions that exclude the centromere are termed ____________________. | |Ans: |paracentric | | |Difficulty:  Ã‚  2 | |10. |A crossover product that lacks a centromere is known as a(n) ____________________fragment. | |Ans: acentric | | |Difficulty:  Ã‚  2 | |11. |The type of large-scale mutation in which parts of two different chromosomes trade places is a ____________________ | | |transloc ation. | |Ans: |reciprocal | | |Difficulty:  Ã‚  2 | |12. |____________________ is the enzyme that catalyzes transposition. |Ans: |Transposase | | |Difficulty:  Ã‚  2 | |13. |Organisms with four copies of a particular chromosome (2n+2) are ________________. | |Ans: |tetrasomic | | |Difficulty:  Ã‚  3 | |14. |Down syndrome is also known as ____________________. |Ans: |trisomy 21 | | |Difficulty:  Ã‚  2 | |15. |If a tetraploid derives all of its chromosome sets from the same species, we call this kind of polyploid a(n) | | |____________________. | |Ans: |autopolyploid | | |Difficulty:  Ã‚  3 | Multiple Choice |16. |Which of the following are considered chromosomal rearrangements? |A) |inversions | |B) |duplications | |C) |deletions | |D) |translocations | |E) |all of the above | | |Ans:  Ã‚  E | | |Difficulty:  Ã‚  1 | |17. |Which of the following removes material from the genome? |A) |inversions | |B) |duplications | |C) |deletions | |D) |translocations | |E) |n one of the above | | |Ans:  Ã‚  C | | |Difficulty:  Ã‚  1 | |18. |Which of the following adds material to the genome? |A) |inversions | |B) |duplications | |C) |deletions | |D) |translocations | |E) |none of the above | | |Ans:  Ã‚  B | | |Difficulty:  Ã‚  1 | |19. The type of chromosomal rearrangement which reorganizes the DNA sequence within one chromosome is known as a(n): | |A) |inversion | |B) |duplication | |C) |deletion | |D) |translocation | |E) |none of the above | | |Ans:  Ã‚  A | | |Difficulty:  Ã‚  2 | |20. |In general, which of the following usually has a greater chance of lethality than the others? |A) |inversion | |B) |duplication | |C) |deletion | |D) |translocation | |E) |all have an equal chance | | |Ans:  Ã‚  C | | |Difficulty:  Ã‚  2 | |21. |Sometimes a piece of one chromosome attaches to another chromosome.This is known as a(n): | |A) |inversion | |B) |duplication | |C) |deletion | |D) |translocation | |E) |none of the above | | |Ans:   Ã‚  D | | |Difficulty:  Ã‚  1 | |22. |Sometimes a part of the genome moves from chromosome to chromosome.This is known generally as a(n): | |A) |inversion | |B) |duplication | |C) |deletion | |D) |translocation | |E) |transposable element | | |Ans:  Ã‚  E | | |Difficulty:  Ã‚  2 | |23. |Rearrangements and changes in chromosome number may affect gene activity or gene transmission by altering the | | |________________________ of certain genes in a cell. |A) |position | |B) |order | |C) |number | |D) |all of the above | | |Ans:  Ã‚  D | | |Difficulty:  Ã‚  2 | |24. |Karyotypes generally remain constant within a species because: | |A) |rearrangements occur frequently. | |B) |changes in chromosome number occur infrequently. | |C) |genetic instabilities produced by genomic changes usually are at a selective disadvantage. | |D) |genetic imbalances are often at a selective advantage. | |Ans:  Ã‚  C | | |Difficulty:  Ã‚  2 | |25. |Despite selection against chromoso mal variations: | |A) |related species almost always have the same karyotype. | |B) |related species almost always have a different karyotype. | |C) |closely related species diverge by many chromosomal rearrangements. | |D) |distantly related species diverge by only a few chromosomal rearrangements. | | |Ans:  Ã‚  B | | |Difficulty:  Ã‚  2 | |26. In higher organisms, using genetic analysis is usually difficult to distinguish small deletions in one gene from: | |A) |heterozygotes. | |B) |small duplications. | |C) |monosomies. | |D) |point mutations. | | |Ans:  Ã‚  D | | |Difficulty:  Ã‚  1 | |27. |For an organism to survive a deletion of more than a few genes, it must carry a nondeleted homolog of the deleted chromosome. | | |This is known as: | |A) |a deletion heterozygote. | |B) |a deletion homozygote. | |C) |dosage compensation. | |D) |a triplolethal chromosome. | |Ans:  Ã‚  A | | |Difficulty:  Ã‚  2 | |28. |Individuals born heterozygotes for certain deletions have a greatly increased risk of losing both copies of certain genes and | | |developing cancer. One such disease is: | |A) |triplolethal. | |B) |scarlet eyes. | |C) |retinoblastoma. | |D) |cataracts. | |Ans:  Ã‚  C | | |Difficulty:  Ã‚  1 | |29. |During the pairing of homologs in prophase of meiosis I, the region of a normal, nondeleted chromosome that has nothing with | | |which to recombine forms a so-called: | |A) |inversion loop. | |B) |deletion heterozygote. | |C) |crossover suppressor. | |D) |deletion loop. | | |Ans:  Ã‚  D | | |Difficulty:  Ã‚  2 | |30. Using Drosophila polytene chromosomes and small deletions, geneticists have been able to: | |A) |map the shaker-1 gene in Drosophila. | |B) |assign genes to regions of one or two polytene chromosome bands. | |C) |assign genes to regions of 100kb or less of DNA. | |D) |all of the above | | |Ans:  Ã‚  D | | |Difficulty:  Ã‚  2 | |31. |Which of the following molecular techniques could a scientist use to help locate gene s on cloned fragments of DNA with deletion | | |mutants? |A) | In situ hybridization | |B) |Crossover analysis | |C) |Southern blot analysis | |D) |all of the above | |E) |both a and c | | |Ans:  Ã‚  E | | |Difficulty:  Ã‚  3 | |32. |Duplications arise by: | |A) |chromosomal breakage and faulty repair. | |B) |unequal crossing over. | |C) |errors in replication. |D) |all of the above | | |Ans:  Ã‚  D | | |Difficulty:  Ã‚  1 | |33. |During the pairing of homologs in prophase of meiosis I, the region of a chromosome bearing extra copies of a particular | | |chromosomal region that has nothing with which to recombine forms a so-called: | |A) |inversion loop. | |B) |deletion heterozygote. | |C) |duplication loop. | |D) |deletion loop. | | |Ans:  Ã‚  C | | |Difficulty:  Ã‚  2 | |34. An inversion may result from: | |A) |a half-circle rotation of a chromosomal region following two double-strand breaks in a chromosome's DNA. | |B) |the action of a transposable element. | | C) |a crossover between DNA sequences present in two positions on the same chromosome in inverted orientation. | |D) |all of the above | |E) |none of the above | | |Ans:  Ã‚  D | | |Difficulty:  Ã‚  2 | |35. Inversions may be hard to detect because they: | |A) |never visibly change chromosome banding patterns. | |B) |increase recombination in heterozygotes. | |C) |do not usually cause an abnormal phenotype. | |D) |normally are removed immediately in natural populations. | | |Ans:  Ã‚  C | | |Difficulty:  Ã‚  3 | |36. |Which of the following does not happen when an intragenic inversion occurs? |A) |One part of the gene is relocated to a distant region of the chromosome. | |B) |One part of the gene stays at its original site. | |C) |Homozygotes for the inversion do not survive. | |D) |The gene's function is not disrupted. | | |Ans:  Ã‚  D | | |Difficulty:  Ã‚  3 | |37. |When a crossover occurs within the inversion loop of a pericentric inversion each recombinant chromat id will have: | |A) |a single centromere. | |B) |a duplication of one region. | |C) |a deletion different from the one of duplication. |D) |all of the above | | |Ans:  Ã‚  D | | |Difficulty:  Ã‚  2 | |38. |Robertsonian translocations result from which of the following? | |A) |Breaks at or near the centromeres of two acrocentric chromosomes followed by the reciprocal exchange of broken parts. | |B) |A part of one chromosome becomes attached to a non-homologous chromosome. | |C) |Unequal crossing over during meiosis. | |D) |The fusion of two small chromosomes end-to-end such that a double centromere occurs. | | |Ans:  Ã‚  A | | |Difficulty:  Ã‚  2 | |39. |Which of the following does not usually show a problem during meiosis? |A) |translocation heterozygotes | |B) |translocation homozygotes | |C) |paracentric inversion | |D) |pericentric inversion | | |Ans:  Ã‚  B | | |Difficulty:  Ã‚  1 | |40. |Of the following segregation patterns, which one is most likely to result in a normal zygote? |A) |alternate | |B) |adjacent-1 | |C) |adjacent-2 | |D) |nondisjunction | | |Ans:  Ã‚  A | | |Difficulty:  Ã‚  2 | |41. |The condition of semisterility is most closely associated with: | |A) |chromosomal duplications. | |B) |pericentric inversions. | |C) |translocation heterozygotes. | |D) |translocation homozygotes. | |Ans:  Ã‚  C | | |Difficulty:  Ã‚  2 | |42. |Translocations can help: | |A) |determine linkage groups. | |B) |aid in the diagnosis and treatment of certain cancers. | |C) |map important genes. | |D) |all of the above | | |Ans:  Ã‚  D | | |Difficulty:  Ã‚  1 | |43. Down Syndrome can result from: | |A) |three copies of chromosome 21. | |B) |a translocation of a part of chromosome 21. | |C) |a reciprocal translocation between any two autosomes. | |D) |a and b | |E) |a, b, and c | | |Ans:  Ã‚  D | | |Difficulty:  Ã‚  2 | |44. |Which of the following do translocations and inversions not have in common? |A) |don't alter the amount of DNA in the genome | |B) |ability to alter gene function | |C) |use of inversion loops during crossing over | |D) |catalysts of speciation | | |Ans:  Ã‚  C | | |Difficulty:  Ã‚  2 | |45. |A transposition is considered a cytologically invisible sequence rearrangement. With which of the following does it share this | | |property? |A) |small deletion | |B) |large duplication | |C) |inversion | |D) |translocation | | |Ans:  Ã‚  A | | |Difficulty:  Ã‚  2 | |46. |Barbara McClintock is most closely associated with which of the following? | |A) |The initial discovery of genetic transposition. | |B) |The discovery of transposable elements in corn. | |C) |The mutation rate in translocation heterozygotes. | |D) |The demonstration of the presence of transposable elements in polytene chromosomes. | | |Ans:  Ã‚  B | | |Difficulty:  Ã‚  1 | |47. |Transposable elements have many things in common.Which of the following is not a usual characteristic of them? | |A) |Typically small er than 50 bp. | |B) |May be present in a genome from one to thousands of times. | |C) |Are found only in a select group of organisms. | |D) |Need not be sequences that do something for the organism. | | |Ans:  Ã‚  A | | |Difficulty:  Ã‚  3 | |48. |Retroposons and retro-viruses have structural parallels. Which of the following also shares structural parallels with them? |A) |tRNA | |B) |DS-DNA | |C) |rRNA | |D) |mRNA | | |Ans:  Ã‚  D | | |Difficulty:  Ã‚  2 | |49. |Which of the following is a possible effect that a transposable element may have on a gene? | |A) |Shift the reading frame. | |B) |Diminish the efficiency of splicing. | |C) |Provide a transcription stop signal. | |D) |all of the above | | |Ans:  Ã‚  D | | |Difficulty:  Ã‚  2 | |50. Which of the following is not an aneuploidy? | |A) |monosomy | |B) |tetraploid | |C) |trisomy | |D) |tetrasomy | | |Ans:  Ã‚  B | | |Difficulty:  Ã‚  1 | |51. |The most common human aneuploidy is trisomy 21, Down syndrome .All of the effects listed below may be seen in this syndrome | | |except: | |A) |death always by age 25. | |B) |mental retardation. | |C) |skeletal abnormalities. | |D) |heart defects. | |E) |increased susceptibility to infection. | | |Ans:  Ã‚  A | | |Difficulty:  Ã‚  2 | |52. |Which of the following sex chromosome aneuploidies is not usually seen in live births? | |A) |XO |B) |XXY | |C) |YO | |D) |XXX | |E) |None of the above | | |Ans:  Ã‚  C | | |Difficulty:  Ã‚  2 | |53. |Turner syndrome, XO, is a sex chromosome aneuploidy. Of the effects listed below, which one is not usually seen in this | | |syndrome? |A) |unusually short stature | |B) |infertility | |C) |skeletal abnormalities | |D) |unusually long limbs | | |Ans:  Ã‚  D | | |Difficulty:  Ã‚  2 | |54. |In Drosophila, a gynandromorph, which is composed of equal parts male and female tissue, results from: | |A) |an XX female losing one X chromosome during the first mitotic division after fertilization. | |B ) |an egg carrying an X chromosome fertilized by a Y-carrying sperm. | |C) |a normal egg fertilized by both an X-carrying sperm and a Y-carrying sperm. | |D) |the fusion of a female embryo with a male embryo. | |Ans:  Ã‚  A | | |Difficulty:  Ã‚  3 | |55. |Which of the following is not an example of a euploid condition? | |A) |triploidy | |B) |diploidy | |C) |Down syndrome | |D) |tetraploidy | | |Ans:  Ã‚  C | | |Difficulty:  Ã‚  1 | |56. Triploid organisms usually result from: | |A) |the union of haploid and diploid gametes. | |B) |unequal disjunction during embryogenesis. | |C) |propagation of fused cell lines. | |D) |fusion of three gametes simultaneously. | | |Ans:  Ã‚  A | | |Difficulty:  Ã‚  2 | |57. |During mitosis, if the chromosomes in a diploid tissue fail to separate after replication, the resulting daughter cells will be:| |A) |monoploid. | |B) |tetrasomic. |C) |triploid. | |D) |tetraploid. | | |Ans:  Ã‚  D | | |Difficulty:  Ã‚  2 | |58. |Hybrids in whi ch the chromosome sets come from two distinct, though related, species are known as: | |A) |autopolyploids. | |B) |allopolyploids. | |C) |amphiploids. | |D) |bivalents. | | |Ans:  Ã‚  B | | |Difficulty:  Ã‚  2 | |59. |The genus Triticale is a new genus of the various allopolyploid hybrids between wheat and rye.Some of the members of this genus| | |show agricultural promise because: | |A) |wheat has a high yield. | |B) |rye adapts well to unfavorable environments. | |C) |wheat has a high level of protein. | |D) |rye has a high level of lysine. | |E) |all of the above | | |Ans:  Ã‚  E | | |Difficulty:  Ã‚  2 | |60. |Which of the following rarely, if ever, results in a positive force for evolution? |A) |polyploidy | |B) |allopolyploidy | |C) |trisomy | |D) |amphidiploidy | | |Ans:  Ã‚  C | | |Difficulty:  Ã‚  2 | Matching | |Match the following descriptions with the terms below a. inversion b. duplication c. deletion d. translocation e. transposable element |61. |A pi ece of genetic material that moves from place to place in the genome. | |Ans: |e | | |Difficulty:  Ã‚  2 | |62. |A change in the genome whereby new material is added to the genome. | |Ans: |b | | |Difficulty:  Ã‚  1 | |63. |A change in the genetic material where a DNA sequence changes direction. |Ans: |a | | |Difficulty:  Ã‚  1 | |64. |A decrease of genetic material in the genome. | |Ans: |c | | |Difficulty:  Ã‚  1 | |65. |A piece of chromosome attaches to another chromosome. | |Ans: |d | | |Difficulty:  Ã‚  2 | | | Match the following descriptions with the terms below a. retroposon b. transposon c. transposable element d. transposase |66. |Any DNA segment that moves about in the genome. |Ans: |c | | |Difficulty:  Ã‚  3 | |67. |Moves in the genome with the aid of an RNA intermediate. | |Ans: |a | | |Difficulty:  Ã‚  2 | |68. |Moves DNA directly. | |Ans: |b | | |Difficulty:  Ã‚  3 | |69. |An enzyme that catalyzes a transposition event. | |Ans: |d | | |Difficu lty:  Ã‚  1 | True or False |70. |When comparing mouse and human Giemsa-stained karyotypes, we see no conservation of banding patterns. | |Ans:  Ã‚  True | | |Difficulty:  Ã‚  2 | |71. |Karyotypes generally remain constant within a species because rearrangements and changes in chromosome number occur | | |infrequently. | | |Ans:  Ã‚  False | | |Difficulty:  Ã‚  3 | |72. |Changes in chromosome number include aneuploidy, monoploidy, polyploidy, and duplications. | |Ans:  Ã‚  False | | |Difficulty:  Ã‚  2 | |73. |Deletion may arise from errors in replication, from faulty meiotic or mitotic recombination, and from exposure to X-rays. | | |Ans:  Ã‚  True | | |Difficulty:  Ã‚  2 | |74. |Homozygosity for a deletion is often, but not always, lethal. | |Ans:  Ã‚  True | | |Difficulty:  Ã‚  2 | |75. |Recessive mutations can often be covered by deletions in heterozygotes. | | |Ans:  Ã‚  True | | |Difficulty:  Ã‚  2 | |76. |Most duplications have no obvious phenotypic consequences and can be detected only by cytological or molecular means. | |Ans:  Ã‚  False | | |Difficulty:  Ã‚  2 | |77. |Duplication of chromosomal segments rarely has an effect on the evolution of genomes. | | |Ans:  Ã‚  True | | |Difficulty:  Ã‚  2 | |78. |Crossing-over within an inversion loop produces aberrant recombinant chromatids. | |Ans:  Ã‚  False | | |Difficulty:  Ã‚  3 | |79. |Reciprocal translocations are usually phenotypically abnormal because they have neither lost nor gained genetic material. | | |Ans:  Ã‚  True | | |Difficulty:  Ã‚  1 | |80. |A hallmark of transposons is that their ends are inverted repeats of each other. | |Ans:  Ã‚  False | | |Difficulty:  Ã‚  3 | |81. |The mouse genome has high synteny with the human genome since about 170 DNA blocks are simply rearranged between the two | | |genomes. | | |Ans:  Ã‚  True | | |Difficulty:  Ã‚  2 | |82. |Euploid cells contain only incomplete sets of chromosomes. | | Ans:  Ã‚  False | | |Difficulty:  Ã‚  2 | |83. |Down syndrome is an example of triploidy. | | |Ans:  Ã‚  False | | |Difficulty:  Ã‚  2 | |84. |Genetic imbalance results from polyploidy. | |Ans:  Ã‚  False | | |Difficulty:  Ã‚  1 | |85. |An acentric fragment is an inversion cross-over product lacking a centromere. | | |Ans:  Ã‚  True | | |Difficulty:  Ã‚  1 | Short Answer |86. |Explain how data from the linkage groups of the mouse can be used as a resource for assessing human linkage groups. |Ans: |Because virtually all genes cloned from the mouse genome are conserved in the human genome and vice versa, it is | | |possible to construct linkage maps for the two genomes from the same set of markers. Comparisons of the mouse and human| | |linkage groups allow one to see a picture somewhere between complete correspondence and unrelatedness. Genes closely | | |linked in the mouse tend to be closely linked in humans, but genes that are less tightly linked in one spe cies tend not| | |to be linked at all in the other. This shows that even though mice and humans diverged about 65 million years ago, the | | |DNA sequences in many regions are very similar. | |Difficulty:  Ã‚  4 | |87. |Explain the differences between chromosomal rearrangements and changes in chromosome number. Cite at least one example of each. | |Ans: |Chromosomal rearrangements reorganize the DNA sequences within one or more chromosomes. Changes in chromosome number | | |involve losses or gains of entire chromosomes or sets of chromosomes. (Student may cite as an example of | | |rearrangements: deletion, duplication, inversion, translocation, and transposable elements. For changes in chromosome | | |number student may cite an aneuploidy such as a monosomy or trisomy, monoploidy, or polyploidy. | | |Difficulty:  Ã‚  4 | |88. |Describe how an inversion heterozygote can reduce the number of recombinant progeny. | |Ans: |When inversion heterozygotes have chromosomes pair up duri ng meiosis, an inversion loop is formed to allow the tightest| | |possible alignment of homologous regions. This always produces aberrant recombinant chromatids. Two inversion cases are| | |possible – pericentric and paracentric. In a pericentric crossover within the inversion loop each recombinant will | | |carry a duplication of one region and a deletion of another.This abnormal dosage of some genes will result in abnormal| | |gametes and if they fertilize normal gametes, zygotes may die because of genetic imbalance. In a paracentric crossover | | |within the inversion loop the recombinant chromatids will be unbalanced in both gene dosage and centromere number. | | |(Student may then explain how centromere number can result in genetically unbalanced gametes such as what acentric and | | |dicentric chromatids would produce. ) | | |Difficulty:  Ã‚  4 | |89. Discuss the several effects that translocations and inversions have in common. | |Ans: |Both translocations and inver sions change genomic position without affecting the total amount of DNA. If a breakpoint | | |of either one is within a gene, the gene function may be altered or lost. Both types may produce genetically imbalanced| | |gametes that may negatively affect a zygote or developing embryo. (Student may explain at this point the differences | | |between how the imbalanced gametes are produced. ) Because both reduce viable progeny and heterozygotes, they may play a| | |role in speciation and evolution. | | |Difficulty:  Ã‚  4 | |90. Explain the possible effects that a transposable element may have on a gene. | |Ans: |Insertion of a transposable element near or within a gene can affect gene expression and alter phenotype. For example, | | |a B type hemophilia occurs after insertion of Alu into the gene encoding clotting factor IX. Secondly, the effect of | | |insertion depends on what the element is and where the insertion point is. If insertion is into a protein-coding exon, | | |the readi ng frame may shift or a stop codon may be introduced. Insertion into an intron may lower the efficiency of | | |splicing, which may result in removal from the transcript that could lower production of a normal polypeptide.A stop | | |signal could also affect genes downstream. Upstream insertion into a regulatory gene could affect gene function in | | |various ways also. | | |Difficulty:  Ã‚  4 | |91. |Explain the mechanism by which aneuploidy occurs. | |Ans: |Aneuploidy occurs because of meiotic nondisjunction either in meiosis I or meiosis II. In meiosis I if homologs do not | | |separate all gametes produced will contain an error. Two of the gametes will contain both homologs and two will contain| | |neither.When fertilization of a normal gamete occurs by either of these abnormal gametes, aneuploidy results. Half of | | |the zygotes will be trisomic and half will be monosomic. Meiotic nondisjunction during meiosis II will produce two | | |normal and two abnormal gametes. If fer tilization occurs with either of the abnormal gametes, aneuploid zygotes are | | |produced. | | |Difficulty:  Ã‚  4 | |92. |Discuss why triploid organisms are almost always sterile. | |Ans: |(Student may explain how triploids occur. ) Triploids are almost always sterile because meiosis produces mostly | | |unbalanced gametes.During the first meiotic division in a triploid germ cell, three sets of chromosomes must segregate| | |into two daughter cells. Most likely one daughter will end up with two chromosomes and the other will have only one of | | |any one set of homologs. Some cells will have two of some chromosomes and the normal one of others. Many combinations | | |of incorrect number of chromosomes will occur with very little chance of the normal amount. Most gametes will be | | |aberrant and will have a reduced chance of producing viable offspring. | | |Difficulty:  Ã‚  4 | |93. |Discuss how deletions and duplications may contribute to evolution. |Ans: |General examples of how chromosomal rearrangements might contribute to evolution: | | |Deletions – a small deletion that moves a coding sequence of one gene next to a promoter or other regulatory element of| | |an adjacent gene may, rarely, allow expression of a protein at a novel time in development or in a novel tissue. If the| | |new time or place of expression is advantageous to the organism, it might become established in the genome. | | |Duplications – a duplication will provide at least two copies of a gene. If one copy maintains the original function, | | |the other could conceivably acquire a new function that would probably be related to the original function.Many | | |examples can be seen in higher plants and animals. (Students may also write about the evolutionary contributions of the| | |other chromosomal rearrangements and might even mention the role of changes in chromosome number. ) | | |Difficulty:  Ã‚  4 | |94. |Why do inversions act as cross-over suppressors? | |Ans: |Inversions act as cross-over suppressors because only progeny that do not recombine within an inversion loop will | | |survive. | | |Difficulty:  Ã‚  4 | |95. |What is a balancer chromosome? |Ans: |A balancer chromosome is a special chromosome often created by the use of X-rays for the purpose of genetic | | |manipulation; these chromosomes often carry multiple, overlapping inversions that enable researchers to follow them | | |through crosses, and a recessive lethal mutation that prevents the survival of homozygotes. | | |Difficulty:  Ã‚  4 | |96. |What is the difference between alternate and an adjacent-1 segregation or an adjacent-2 segregation pattern? | |Ans: |An alternate segregation pattern results in balanced chromosomes while adjacent 1or 2 patterns yield chromosomes that | | |are unbalanced. | |Difficulty:  Ã‚  4 | Experimental Design and Interpretation of Data |97. |We now know that several organisms have a high degree of synteny at the genomic level. You wish to test the hypothesis that the| | |laboratory mouse and human share genomic similarities. What tests would you complete and given that we now know that the mouse | | |and human genomes are highly syntenic, what results would you expect? | |Ans: |Karyotype analysis can be used to test the hypothesis of genomic similarities however, only animals that have high | | |homology will show similar banding patterns.Therefore, FISH (fluorescence in situ hybridization) would be a more | | |useful technique to determine synteny. The mouse and human genomes are similar in that approximately 170 similar | | |fragments an average length of about 18 Mb are simply rearranged (this is not visible in a karyotype). | | |Difficulty:  Ã‚  4 | |98. |You are mapping traits in your favorite organism but unbeknownst to you, your laboratory model organism contains a rare | | |deletion. How will your mapping results be affected? |Ans: |The mapping distance will appear smaller than the actual physical distanc e in the wild-type organism. | | |Difficulty:  Ã‚  4 | |99. |You have discovered an altered phenotype and cloned the gene responsible. However, the gene you cloned appears to have an | | |unusual sequence in it. In order to determine the chromosomal location of your new gene, you perform FISH, using only the | | |unusual sequence, on several animals. To your surprise, the FISH results suggest that each animal contains the gene on a | | |different chromosome. How would you interpret your results. |Ans: |The unusual sequence is a transposon and your â€Å"new† phenotype arose via the disruption of its gene by the transposon. | | |Difficulty:  Ã‚  4 | |100. |You are a master gardener and your favorite tomato plant is very sensitive to a pesticide called DEADBUG. You wish to make your| | |special tomato plants resistant to the pesticide which you spray on other bushes in your garden. Using microbial techniques | | |give sufficient and complete details of how you would do this (include ploidy status). | |Ans: |Haploid pollen grains are cold treated and plated on agar plates.The resulting embryoids are treated with hormone in | | |liquid culture and eventually grown as a monoploid plant. The plant is treated with a mutagen to induce mutations that | | |can result in insensitivity to the pesticide. Somatic cells are removed from the treated plant and plated on agar | | |containing DEADBUG. Only cells resistant to DEADBUG will grow. Again the embryoid is hormone treated and grown into a| | |resistant monoploid plant. Treatment with colchicine will allow duplication of chromosomes without separation | | |resulting in a normal diploid plant. | | |Difficulty:  Ã‚  4 |

The Incentives and Aspects Affecting Work and Private Life

The Incentives and Aspects Affecting Work and Private Life Introduction The argument towards the topic in question will be strengthened by the use of motivation theories and examples. This will be done by analysing various incentives and aspects affecting work and private life. Motivation which is a major factor underlining productivity of employees within organisations can be used to balance the concept of work and private life (Daft and Murphy).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Incentives and Aspects Affecting Work and Private Life specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Performances usually depend on the nature of skill or training level attained by an individual within a specified duration of time. It involves subjecting employees to defined principles and intended goals based on organisation’s mission and vision statements. The goals and systems used for motivation are to conform to the organisation’s corporate policy (Dick and Ellis). Theories of motivation h ave been used to explain various individual actions, reactions and needs within organisations set-up (Scott and Davis 41-50). Main Body Topic 1: Payment as an important factor Balance between work and private life is important for healthy running of an organisation. According to Fredrick Taylor’s theory of scientific management, workers can only be motivated through payment. For efficiency purposes, employees have to be placed under close supervision since they do not naturally enjoy working. This calls for the development of process breakdown capable of defining different tasks performed by specific individuals (Jaffee 65-87). Fredrick Taylor argued that for perfection and productivity to be realized, there is need for adequately equipping employees through appropriate trainings (Sytse and Schreuder 161-191). The theory is very instrumental in the aspect of delegation and at the same time provides concepts on how organisations can maximize on employees potential to realize h igh productivity at reduced costs. Management of employees stress is vital in every organisation since it assists employees in managing occurrence of unexpected events at workplace. Majority of employees work out of fear of losing their current positions, and this may at times lead to distortion of personal livelihood (Frey and Osterloh).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Topic 2: Social needs Healthy environment at the workplace depends on the nature of focus given to employees social needs according to Mayo’s theory. The theory places much emphasis on empathy, where managers and junior employees are to portray healthy relationship. There is always dire need for healthy relationships within various working environments (Fionna; Jo Hatch andCunliffe 156-274). Good relationships can be realized through teamwork and efficient communication (Yukl 284-314). Topic 3: Psychological needs Work and private life incorporate taking care of employees’ psychological needs. This is in line with Maslows theory that focuses on the existence of five levels of human needs which require satisfaction. Within this context, the theory argues that unless one need is fully met, there are high chances of employees becoming demotivated towards progress. In this regard, there is a need to offer incentives to individual employees within organisations for the purposes of fulfilling their intended needs. However, because of differences in rank within various workplaces, the hierarchy dictates on the kind of incentive offered to the individuals (Child 156-274). Conclusion Generally, work has a great influence on individual health since people are able to earn a living out of salaried employment. However, employment has both its advantages and disadvantages since besides earning a salary, there is some percentage of stress involved due to time and energy requir ed. This calls for need of balancing work with emotional and physical health since they form essential part of productivity. Child, John. Payment Systems, Organization Contemporary Principles and Practice, Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing, 2005. Print. Daft, Richard, and J. Murphy. Organization Theory and design, South Western; Cengage Learning, 2010. Print.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Incentives and Aspects Affecting Work and Private Life specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Dick, Penny and S. Ellis. Introduction to Organizational Behaviour, 3rd edition, London: McGraw Hill Education. 2006. Print. Fionna, Wilson. What Managers Do – Leadership; Organizational Behaviour and Work, New York: Oxford University Press, 2006. Print. Frey, Bruno, and M. Osterloh. Succesful Management by Motivation Balancing Intrinsic  and Extrinsic Motivation, Berlin: Springer, 2002. Print. Jaffee, David. Human Relations and H uman Resources, New York: McGraw-Hill Higher Education, 2001. Print. Jo Hatch, Mary, and A. Cunliffe. Organizational Culture; Modern, symbolic and  postmodern perspectives, (2nd edition), New York: Oxford University Press, 2006. Print. Scott, Richard, and G. Davis. Classical Organization Theory; Rational, And Open  System Perspectives. New Jersey: Pearson Education, 2007. Print. Sytse, Douma, and H. Schreuder. Transaction Cost Economics; Economic Approaches  to Organizations, New Jersey, FT Prentice Hall: Pearson Education, 2008. Print.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Yukl, Gary. Leading Change in Organizations. Leadership in Organizations, (6thEdition), New Jersey: Pearson, 2006. New Jersey

Gypsies in the Holocaust - Forgotten Victims

Gypsies in the Holocaust - Forgotten Victims The Gypsies of Europe were registered, sterilized, ghettoized, and then deported to concentration and death camps by the Nazis before and during World War II. Approximately 250,000 to 500,000 Gypsies were murdered during the Holocaust- an event they call the Porajmos (the Devouring.) A Short History Approximately a thousand years ago, several groups of people migrated from northern India, dispersing throughout Europe over the next several centuries. Though these people were part of several tribes (the largest of which are the Sinti and Roma), the settled peoples called them by a collective name, Gypsies- which stems from the one-time belief that they had come from Egypt. Nomadic, dark-skinned, non-Christian, speaking a foreign language (Romani), not tied to the land- Gypsies were very different from the settled peoples of Europe. Misunderstandings of Gypsy culture created suspicions and fears, which in turn led to rampant speculation, stereotypes, and biased stories. Many of these stereotypes and stories are still readily believed. Throughout the following centuries, non-Gypsies (Gaje) continually tried to either assimilate Gypsies or kill them. Attempts to assimilate Gypsies involved stealing their children and placing them with other families; giving them cattle and feed, expecting them to become farmers; outlawing their customs, language, and clothing as well as forcing them to attend school and church. Decrees, laws, and mandates often allowed the killing of Gypsies. In 1725 King Frederick William I of Prussia ordered all Gypsies over 18 years old to be hanged. A practice of Gypsy hunting was common- a game hunt similar to fox hunting. Even as late as 1835, a Gypsy hunt in Jutland (Denmark) brought in a bag of over 260 men, women, and children, write Donald Kenrick and Grattan Puxon. Though Gypsies had undergone centuries of such persecution, it remained relatively random and sporadic until the 20th century when the negative stereotypes became intrinsically molded into a racial identity, and the Gypsies were systematically slaughtered. Under the Third Reich The persecution of Gypsies started at the very beginning of the Third Reich. Gypsies were arrested and interned in concentration camps as well as sterilized under the July 1933 Law for the Prevention of Hereditarily Diseased Offspring. In the beginning, Gypsies were not specifically named as a group that threatened the Aryan, German people. This was because, under Nazi racial ideology, Gypsies were Aryans. The Nazis had a problem: How could they persecute a group enveloped in negative stereotypes but supposedly part of the Aryan super race? Nazi racial researchers eventually came upon a so-called scientific reason to persecute most of the Gypsies. They found their answer in Professor Hans F. K. Gà ¼nthers book Rassenkunde Europas (Anthropology of Europe) where he wrote: The Gypsies have indeed retained some elements from their Nordic home, but they are descended from the lowest classes of the population in that region. In the course of their migrations, they have absorbed the blood of the surrounding peoples, and have thus become an Oriental, western-Asiatic racial mixture, with an addition of Indian, mid-Asiatic, and European strains. Their nomadic mode of living is a result of this mixture. The Gypsies will generally affect Europe as aliens. With this belief, the Nazis needed to determine who was pure Gypsy and who was mixed. Thus, in 1936, the Nazis established the Racial Hygiene and Population Biology Research Unit, with Dr. Robert Ritter at its head, to study the Gypsy problem and to make recommendations for Nazi policy. As with the Jews, the Nazis needed to determine who was to be considered a Gypsy. Dr. Ritter decided that someone could be considered a Gypsy if they had one or two Gypsies among his grandparents or if two or more of his grandparents are part-Gypsies. Kenrick and Puxon blame Dr. Ritter for the additional 18,000 German Gypsies who were killed because of this more inclusive designation, rather than if the same rules had been followed as were applied to Jews, who had have three or four Jewish grandparents to be considered Jews. To study Gypsies, Dr. Ritter, his assistant Eva Justin, and his research team visited the Gypsy concentration camps (Zigeunerlagers) and examined thousands of Gypsies- documenting, registering, interviewing, photographing, and finally categorizing them. It was from this research that Dr. Ritter formulated that 90% of Gypsies were of mixed blood, thus dangerous. Having established a scientific reason to persecute 90% of the Gypsies, the Nazis needed to decide what to do with the other 10%- the ones who were nomadic and appeared to have the least number of Aryan qualities. At times Interior Minister Heinrich  Himmler discussed letting the pure Gypsies roam relatively freely and also suggested a special reservation for them. Assumably as part of one of these possibilities, nine Gypsy representatives were selected in October 1942 and told to create lists of Sinti and Lalleri to be saved. There must have been confusion within the Nazi leadership. Many wanted all Gypsies killed, with no exceptions. On December 3, 1942,  Martin Bormann  wrote in a letter to Himmler: ... special treatment would mean a fundamental deviation from the simultaneous measures for fighting the Gypsy menace and would not be understood at all by the population and lower leaders of the party. Also the Fà ¼hrer would not agree to giving one section of the Gypsies their old freedom. Though the Nazis did not discover a scientific reason to kill the 10% of Gypsies categorized as pure, no distinctions made when Gypsies were ordered to  Auschwitz  or deported to the other death camps. By the end of the war, an estimated 250,000 to 500,000 Gypsies were murdered in the Porajmos- killing approximately three-fourths of the German Gypsies and half of the Austrian Gypsies. For an overview of all that happened to the Gypsies during the Third Reich, there is a  timeline  to help outline the process from Aryan to annihilation. Sources Friedman, Philip. The Extermination of the Gypsies: Nazi Genocide of an Aryan People.  Roads to Extinction: Essays on the Holocaust, Ed. Ada June Friedman. Jewish Publication Society of America, 1980, New York.ï » ¿Kenrick, Donald and Puxon, Grattan.  The Destiny of Europes Gypsies. Basic Books, 1972, New York.

What is the effect of e-commerce on auditing Essay

What is the effect of e-commerce on auditing - Essay Example This development will impact all business disciplines. Therefore, auditors too will have to deal with the consequences that e-commerce will have on the auditing process. E-commerce can be defined as: "The use of electronic transmission mediums (telecommunications) to engage in the exchange, including buying and selling, of products and services requiring transportation, either physically or digitally, from location to location" (Greenstein & Feinman, 2000). One example of a company that is only working in an e-commerce environment is Amazon. This well-known company has become very successful with selling products like books and DVD's on Internet. However, soon this site became so popular that they expanded their product range to suit their customers. In addition to books and CD's also video games, software and electronics are being offered by this retailer online. The reason for this success of e-commerce businesses is dependent on their customers. Shopping online has been so convenient for a lot of people. One reason for this is that almost everyone is familiar with Internet nowadays. This is also true for companies. It has become very popular to use Internet, either at home or at work. This medium has made it very easy to access all kind of information online. This is called the move towards an Internet-based society (Turban, Lee, King, and Chung, 2000). This move has been triggered by technological developments. The explosive growth in information technology (IT) capabilities and the desire of businesses of all sizes to obtain competitive advantage have led to a dramatic increase in the use of IT systems to originate, process, store and communicate information (Tucker, 2001). In fact, Tucker (2001) mentions the importance of IT as follows: "there are few companies that don't rely on IT to achieve their auditing and accounting, operating and compliance objectives". Turban, Lee, King, and Chung (2000) mention the importance of technological changes in our society. For example, organizations changed their way of doing business and most consumers changed their process of buying. Chesher, Kaura, and Linton (2003) assign this development to new ways of processing information. In their view, new ways of processing information have made it possible for many businesses to expand and to exchange information in a more efficient manner. In order to keep up with competition, organizations have to rely on new forms of information technology. The use of new forms of information technology is expected to impact the auditing process within organizations. Therefore, Tucker (2001) mentions that it is rare to find an entity whose IT use does not also affect its independent audit. These technological changes also change the way that people work. Chesher, Kaura, and Linton (2003) also emphasize the impact of e-commerce on people. For example, if we compare employees of older generations with employees of today, we can see a different profile. Today, most employees that are working within an organization start their working day with checking their email. In this way, they can receive all the information easily and quickly. This activity has become a daily normal routine activity for most people given that Internet has changed the way of